Simulations & Videos for

Lesson 4.4: Energy Levels, Electrons, and Covalent Bonding

Interactive
Covalent Bond in Hydrogen

  • When two hydrogen atoms get close enough, the electron from each atom feels an attraction from the proton in the other atom's nucleus.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together.
  • The electrons end up being shared by the atoms in a region around the nucleus of both atoms.

1

2

 

3

Image
Covalent Bonding in Hydrogen 2

  • Hydrogen atoms are close together. The electron from each atom feels the attraction from the proton in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.

Interactive
Covalent Bond in Water

  • When two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom get close enough, the electron from each atom feels an attraction from the protons in the other atom's nucleus.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together.
  • The electrons end up being shared by the atoms in a region around the nucleus of both atoms.

1

2

 

3

Image
Covalent Bonding in Water 2

  • Hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom are close together.
  • Electrons from each atom feel the attraction from the protons in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.

Youtube ID: Xw11fWIFzqE

Video
Electrolysis

  • Electricity causes the rearrangement of electrons and atoms from water molecules.
  • Two hydrogen atoms covalently bond to form hydrogen gas.
  • Two oxygen atoms covalently bond to form oxygen gas.
  • There are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms so more hydrogen gas is formed.

Interactive
Oxygen's Double Bond

  • Oxygen atoms are close together.
  • The electrons from each atom feel the attraction from the protons in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms form a double bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.

1

2

 

3

Image
Oxygens Double Bond 2

  • Oxygen atoms are close together.
  • The electrons from each atom feel the attraction from the protons in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms form a double bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.

Image
Covalent Bonding in Methane

  • The carbon atom and hydrogen atoms are close together.
  • The electrons from each atom feels the attraction from the proton in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.

Image
Covalent Bonding in Carbon Dioxide

  • A carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are close together.
  • The electrons from each atom feel the attraction from the protons in the nucleus of the other atom.
  • This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are shared by both atoms.
  • The atoms form a double bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms.